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We applied reaction microscopy to elucidate fast non-adiabatic dissociation dynamics of deuterated water molecules after direct photo-double ionization at 61 eV with synchrotron radiation. For the very rare D+ + O+ + D breakup channel, the particle momenta, angular, and energy distributions of electrons and ions, measured in coincidence, reveal distinct electronic dication states and their dissociation pathways via spin–orbit coupling and charge transfer at crossings and seams on the potential energy surfaces. Notably, we could distinguish between direct and fast sequential dissociation scenarios. For the latter case, our measurements reveal the geometry and orientation of the deuterated water molecule with respect to the polarization vector that leads to this rare 3-body molecular breakup channel. Aided by multi-reference configuration-interaction calculations, the dissociation dynamics could be traced on the relevant potential energy surfaces and particularly their crossings and seams. This approach also unraveled the ultrafast time scales governing these processes. 

Creation of a super-excited radical water cation results in a long-lived excited oxygen fragment that can act as a destructive carrier and initiate secondary reactions such as breakup of DNA strands – a key radiation damage mechanism. 

We present an investigation of the relaxation dynamics of deuterated water molecules after direct photo-double ionization at 61 eV. We focus on the very rare D+ + O+ + D reaction channel in which the sequential fragmentation mechanisms were found to dominate the dynamics. Aided by theory, the state-selective formation and breakup of the transient OD+(a1Δ, b1Σ+) is traced, and the most likely dissociation path—OD+: a1Δ or b1Σ+ → A 3Π → X 3Σ− → B 3Σ−—involving a combination of spin–orbit and non-adiabatic charge transfer transitions is determined. The multi-step transition probability of this complex transition sequence in the intermediate fragment ion is directly evaluated as a function of the energy of the transient OD+ above its lowest dissociation limit from the measured ratio of the D+ + O+ + D and competing D+ + D+ + O sequential fragmentation channels, which are measured simultaneously. Our coupled-channel time-dependent dynamics calculations reproduce the general trends of these multi-state relative transition rates toward the three-body fragmentation channels. 

An adaptive learning algorithm coupled with 3D momentum-based feedback is used to identify intense laser pulse shapes that control H 3 + formation from ethane. Specifically, we controlled the ratio of D 2 H + to D 3 + produced from the D 3 C-CH 3 isotopologue of ethane, which selects between trihydrogen cations formed from atoms on one or both sides of ethane. We are able to modify the D 2 H + : D 3 + ratio by a factor of up to three. In addition, two-dimensional scans of linear chirp and third-order dispersion are conducted for a few fourth-order dispersion values while the D 2 H + and D 3 + production rates are monitored. The optimized pulse is observed to influence the yield, kinetic energy release, and angular distribution of the D 2 H + ions while the D 3 + ion dynamics remain relatively stable. We subsequently conducted COLTRIMS experiments on C 2 D 6 to complement the velocity map imaging data obtained during the control experiments and measured the branching ratio of two-body double ionization. Two-body D 3 + + C 2 D 3 + is the dominant final channel containing D 3 + ions, although the three-body D + D 3 + + C 2 D 2 + final state is also observed.